III: Exodus and Wilderness

Virgins Not Defiled with Women

those who refused false religious systems

Root
Exod 34:15-16 · zanah (H2181)
Old Testament chain
  1. Exod 34:15-16
  2. Ps 32:2
  3. Isa 53:9
  4. Ezek 16:15
  5. Zeph 3:13
  6. Rev 14:4-5
New Testament
Rev 14:4; Rev 14:5; Jas 4:4

The Torah first names spiritual adultery when Israel is warned not to "go a whoring after their gods" (Exod 34:15-16). Ezekiel and Hosea build whole prophecies on Israel as an unfaithful wife (Ezek 16; Hos 1-3), while the faithful are those "in whose spirit there is no guile" (Ps 32:2), the remnant in whose mouth no "deceitful tongue" is found (Zeph 3:13). In Revelation 14:4-5 women represent religious systems, chiefly the harlot, so the virgins are those who refused to join a false religious system, and no dolos, bait on a hook, is in their mouth. Readings of the 144,000 as literal celibate men misplace the image; it has nothing to do with gender or physical purity.

From The Courtroom of Heaven, pp. 225–226